Aims and scope Sokoto Journal of Medical Laboratory Science (SJMLS) represent a unique opportunity for accelerated interdisciplinary exchange of thought-provoking commentary, responsibly conducted research, case reports and review of literature of reliable information on the current discoveries and developments in the field of Medical Laboratory Science. The Journal is published quarterly and advocates for adherence to the codes regarding accuracy, transparency and honesty in all scientific communications. Commitment to provide high quality work and speed is our philosophy. This fast review process is useful for faster dissemination of knowledge. Other websites associated with this journal: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/sokjmls Journal Identifiers print ISSN: 2536-7153 e-ISSN: 3115-5022
Air-Fresheners Can Affect Respiratory Parameters In Both Acute And Chronic Exposures
The use of air fresheners has been reported to cause some unpleasant health effects, especially on the respiratory tract. This study evaluated the levels of surfactant-D, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in Albino rats exposed to selected air fresheners in both acute and chronic exposures. Forty-two (42) albino rats were divided into seven groups of six rats each (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). Group 1 rats were not exposed to any air freshener and served as the negative control group. Groups 2, 3, and 4 were exposed to three different air fresheners (A, B and C) respectively for 30 days, while groups 5, 6 and 7 were exposed to the three air fresheners for 60 days. The rats were sacrificed at the end of the study, and blood collected via cardiac puncture. The blood samples were collected into plain bottles for the analysis of surfactant-D, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha using ELISA technique. The results showed that the levels of these parameters in the rats exposed at both the acute and chronic exposures were significantly higher than the levels in the negative control group. It is concluded that the negative effects of air fresheners occur in both acute and chronic exposures respectively.
Air fresheners, acute exposure, chronic exposure, respiratory parameters
Kemzi Nosike Elechi-Amadi*, Ojoye Ngoye Briggs
Copyright (c) 2026 SJMLS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Full Blood Count, Serum Copper and Selenium Level Among Pregnant Women Attending Specialist Hospital Sokoto, Nigeria.
Pregnancy is a very delicate condition which makes women prone to so many pathological conditions. It has also been established that a major cause of pathology in pregnancy is lack of balanced diet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the full blood count, copper and selenium levels of pregnant women. A total of 90 women participated in the study including 60 pregnant (subjects) and 30 age-matched non-pregnant women (controls). Subjects were recruited from Antenatal Clinic of Specialist Hospital Sokoto. A s t r u c t u r e d i n t e r v i e w e r - a d m i n i s t e r e d questionnaire was used to obtain some socio-demographic characteristics and blood samples were collected and examined for some haematological parameters (HCT, HGB, WBC, RBC and platelet count) using the auto-haematology analyzer (Mythic 22, CT, 2008, Orphee, Switzerland). Copper levels were assayed by Dibrom PAESA method (Centronic, Germany) while atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA 6300 Model, Shimadzu, Japan) was used to measure selenium. Data generated was analyzed using SPSS 25.0 statistical package. A p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant in all statistical comparisons. The mean and standard deviation of the parameters of the pregnant subjects were compared with those of the non-pregnant controls. There was a statistically significant decrease in the HCT, HGB as well as a statistically significant increase in the WBC counts of the pregnant subjects compared with the controls. Also, there was a statistically significant increase on the copper and selenium level between the pregnant subjects compared to the non-pregnant controls. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between copper and WBC count (r=0.413 and p=0.00) and between selenium and WBC count (r=0.411 and p=0.00). There was also a statistically significant negative correlation between selenium and PLT (r=-0.449 and p=0.00). Findings of this study has shown that pregnancy is associated with a significant decrease in HCT and HGB as well as a significant increase in copper and selenium level (p<0.05). There is need to routinely monitor the full blood count, as well the serum copper and selenium levels during pregnancy. We advocate that pregnant women maintain a blanced diet, attend antennal clinics regularly and supplementation be provided for pregnant women who are deficient in these micronutrients.
Muhammed Abdulkarim Gana, Erhabor Osaro*, Yakubu Abdurahaman, Isaac Zama, Buhari Hauwa, Onuigwe Festus, Ibrahim Kweifa, Ibrahim Bagudo Aliyu
Incidence and Antibacterial Susceptibility Profile of Isolates from the Surfaces of Inanimate Objects in a Paediatric Unit of a Tertiary Hospital in Kano, Nigeria.
Contaminated surfaces of inanimate objects of healthcare facilities have been identified as possible routes for transmission of Hospital Acquired Infections amongst patients, especially children. These infections have been attributed to the increase in morbidity and mortality as well as increased length of hospital stays. This study aimed to identify pathogens found on inanimate surfaces in a Paediatric ward of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, as well as the antibiotic susceptibility profile of the organisms. Seventy (70) swab samples were collected from different inanimate surfaces using sterile swab sticks. The samples were inoculated on MacConkey and Blood agar at 37°C for 18-24 hours. Gram staining and biochemical tests were used to identify the organisms. Antibiotic susceptibility profile was carried out using Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion method. A total of 48 organisms, which include S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli and K. pneumoniae were isolated. Gram positive organisms were 41.7% while the Gram negative were 58.3%. S. aureus was the most frequently isolated pathogen. Occurrence of isolates was 20.8% on children's lockers, bedside floor and beds while doorknobs had 16.8%. Teddy bears and stethoscopes had 10.4%. A 100% resistance to ciprofloxacin was observed in the K. pneumoniae isolates. Varying resistance from 40-45% against ceftazidime, cefuroxime and nitrofurantoin was observed in the S. aureus isolates. The Gram-negative pathogens showed resistance pattern ranging from 61.5% to 75% against Amoxicillin clavulanic acid, ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin. The study has shown that inanimate surfaces in the paediatric ward habours pathogenic organisms. Effective hygiene control and disinfection should be implemented.
Inanimate objects, Paediatric ward, Nosocomial infection, Antibiotics, bacteria
Mohammed Aisha*1, Ali Muhammad Hadiza2, Bala Kawu Hauwa1.
Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Aframomum Melegueta on Lead-Induced TNF-á and IL-10 Imbalance in Wistar Rats
Lead (Pb) exposure is a persistent global health concern, particularly in developing countries, causing multi-organ toxicity through oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, and inflammatory responses. Dysregulation of cytokines, including elevated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-á) and suppressed interleukin-10 (IL-10), represents a key mechanism of lead-induced immunotoxicity. Natural agents with antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties, such as Aframomum melegueta (alligator pepper), may offer protective benefits. This study evaluated the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanolic extract of A. melegueta on lead-induced TNF-á and IL-10 dysregulation in Wistar rats, compared with standard chelation therapy (EDTA). Thirty-five adult Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups, including normal control, lead-exposed untreated, lead-exposed treated with low (200 mg/kg), high (400 mg/kg) doses of A. melegueta, EDTA-treated. Lead acetate (100 mg/kg) was administered by gastric gavage for 14 days, followed by 14 and 5 days of treatment for extract and Standard chelator respectively. Serum TNF-á and IL-10 levels were measured via ELISA. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM and analyzed using student t- test (p < 0.05). Lead exposure significantly elevated TNF-á and suppressed IL-10, indicating pronounced inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Treatment with A. melegueta extract, particularly at 400 mg/kg, significantly reduced TNF-á and restored IL-10 levels, comparable to calcium disodium EDTA treatment.
A. melegueta, immunotoxicity, TNF-á, IL-10, immunomodulatory, calcium disodium EDTA
Wasiu Olanrewaju Garuba*1, Ayobola Abolape Iyanda2, Musbau Olusesan Balogun3, Abubakar Abdullah4
Histoplasmosis: A Review of The Histopathological Features and Diagnostic Challenges
Histoplasma capsulatum remains a significant global health burden because of its non-specific clinical presentation, which complicates diagnosis. This review aims to discuss the complete spectrum of the tissue changes caused by histoplasmosis. In immunocompetent hosts, granulomatous inflammation dominates, whereas in immunocompromised patients, diffuse histiocytic infiltrates may occur. Histopathology provides a rapid means of identifying infection; however, these small, narrow-based budding yeasts are not easily visualised with H&E staining. For this reason, Pathologists often use special stains, including GMS and PAS. The real challenge arises from organisms that mimic each other, such as Leishmania spp. and Blastomyces dermatitidis, as well as from technical issues involving sample errors and over-reliance on H&E stains alone. More standard techniques are required to obtain a correct diagnosis. Techniques such as immunohistochemistry and molecular studies on FFPE tissue significantly add value, although access to these tools is not available in every laboratory. This article discusses the step-by-step approach to a definitive diagnosis, which requires recognising the microscopic patterns first, ordering appropriate confirmatory tests, and finally using those results to guide therapy in the correct direction.
Histoplasmosis, Histopathological Features, Diagnostic Challenges
Oladugba Omua Evelyn* and Funsho-Agun A. Gabriel
Human Autopsy: A Review of its Evolution, Current Trend and Benefits
The term autopsy also known as post-mortem examination or necropsy is the dissection and examination of the body after death to discover the cause of death or the extent of disease. In other words, autopsy implies to a thorough clinicopathologic examination of the deceased body not just to find the cause of death but also to evaluate the pathologies of the events that leads to death. The main objective of such investigation is to ascertain a verdict whether the death was due to a natural, accidental, suicidal or homicidal cause. There are different types of autopsies, with forensic or medico-legal and clinical or hospital as the most common types. In Nigeria, medico-legal autopsy dates back to 1917. This study was carried out to review the evolution of autopsy over time, the current trend and the benefits of this clinicopathologic procedure, thereby providing an insight into this very important but yet often neglected clinical and forensic technique. Different search engines were used in obtaining the literature such as; G o o g l e , G o o g l e S c h o l a r, P U B M E D , ResearchGate and some pathology textbooks. The history of autopsy is connected with that of anatomy and medicine in general, which dates back to about 4000 BCE. Post-mortem examination is the gold standard to ascertain the cause of death, more especially in settings with suspicious, obscure, sudden, unnatural, litigious or criminal deaths.
Autopsy, Clinicopathologic, Forensic, Homicidal, Medico-legal
Umar, A. 1*, Mohammed, I. 1, Adisa, J.O. 2, Abubakar, M.S. 3, Abdullahi, U.F. 1, Umar, N.A. 4, Sani, M.S. 1 and Abubakar, U. 1
Nephrin: An Early Biomarker of Diabetic Nephropathy Among Type- 2 Diabetic Patients in Kano Metropolis
Nephrin as a trans-membrane protein was reported to be expressed in glomerular podocytes having a fundamental role in the integrity of glomerular filtration barrier. Nephrinuria was reported in podocytopathy, hence, could serve as an excellent emerging biomarker in early diagnosis kidney injury and chronic diseases. The study assessed nephrin as early biomarker in detection of diabetic nephropathy among type 2 diabetic patients in Kano metropolis. The study was a case- control and included 120 diabetic patients including 43 males and 77 females, from endocrinology clinic of Murtala and Nassarawa Specialist Hospitals, Kano with corresponding 100 apparently healthy controls. Fasting blood glucose, albumin, glycaeted-haemoglobin and creatinine were determined spectrophotometrically, while urinary neprin was estimated using ELISA technique. eGFR was estimated using simplified MDRD equation. Student t-test compared the differences between the two groups and regression analysis was used to correlate between nephrin and ACR and HbA1c. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the sensitivity, specificity and area under the curve (AUC) of the analytes. Nephrin, serum creatinine, albumin level in urine and the glycaeted-haemoglobin were significantly elevated in Type-2 diabetic patients compared to controls (p=0.001). Negative and significant correlation was seen between glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and nephrin ( = -0.61, p=0.001) while a significant but positive correlations between nephrin vs ACR (r=+0.70, p=0.001) and glycaeted-haemoglobin (r = +0.59, p=0.001). The urinary Nephrin presented a better diagnostic accuracy with sensitivity of 97.7% and specificity of 63.2% as well as AUC of 0.872. Results demonstrated that nephrin was superior to traditional marker of renal function, better sensitivity and specificity. Thus, nephrinuria is a promising and better marker than ACR for predicting early onset of nephropathy especially glomerular injury in patients with T2DM.
Neprin, albumin-creatinine ratio, Diabetic nephropathy, podocyte
Ahmad M. B. *1, Adamu A. I.1 and Sarafa O.O2
Evaluating Systemic Immuno-Inflammatory Markers as Indicators of Early Hepatotoxicity Induced by Andrographis paniculata Ethanol Leaf Extract in Rats
Andrographis paniculata is a widely used medicinal plant in traditional medicine, for its anti-inflammatory and several therapeutic properties. However, its potential hepatotoxic effects remain insufficiently explored. This study evaluated the impact of graded doses of A. paniculata ethanolic leaf extract on inflammatory markers, immunological indices and liver histology in Wistar rats. Twenty-one male Wistar rats were divided into three groups (n = 7): a control group receiving no treatment, a low-dose group administered 10 mg/kg, and a high-dose group administered 200 mg/kg of ethanolic extract orally for 14 days. Full blood count parameters were used to compute neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and systemic immune-inflammation indices (SII, SIRI). Liver samples were examined histologically using H&E staining. A significant reduction in NLR (p=0.0403) and significant increase in PLR occurred in the low-dose group, suggesting an immune-modulatory effect, whereas MLR, SII, and SIRI showed no significant changes across groups. Red cell distribution width (RDW) significantly decreased in both treated groups compared to controls (p=0.0097). Despite minimal haematological disruption, dose-dependent hepatic alterations including hepatocyte vacuolation, sinusoidal dilation, and pyknotic nuclei, were observed in treated groups, more pronounced at higher dose.Although A. paniculata extract demonstrated mild immunomodulatory effects, its administration induced observable hepatic tissue damage even at low dose within short-term exposure. Haematological inflammatory markers alone may not reliably predict early hepatic injury following herbal extract consumption. Concurrent histopathological assessment is essential when evaluating safety of medicinal plants.
Andrographis paniculata , immunological markers, inflammatory markers, hepatotoxicity, Wistar rats, liver histology.
Anyalebechi, Eberechukwu Okwuchi 1*, Nwogu, Arit Okechukwu1 and Elekima, Ibioku1.2
Vaping Versus Smoking in Adolescents: A Mini Review of Health Risks and Behavioural Trends.
The surge in e-cigarette (vaporizer) use among adolescents has raised significant public health concerns, particularly regarding its comparative safety relative to conventional cigarette smoking. While e-cigarettes are often marketed as safer alternatives, emerging evidence indicates that both vaping and traditional smoking pose substantial health risks to adolescents. This review succinctly exploit the recent literature (2019–2025) on the health implications of adolescent vaping and smoking, focusing on respiratory, cardiovascular, neurocognitive, and behavioral outcomes. Findings suggest that vaping is associated with respiratory ailments, potential cardiovascular effects, and neurodevelopmental issues, while also serving as a feasible pathway to traditional smoking. Conversely, conventional smoking continues to be linked with long-term health detriments, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases. While vaping is generally considered less harmful than combustible tobacco, neither vaping nor smoking is free from danger. The review underscores the necessity for targeted public health interventions and policies to mitigate the rising trend of nicotine use among adolescents better still a cautious approach which combine regulation of product distribution, institution and community prevention, thorough surveillance and cessation services.
Adolescent vaping; E-cigarettes; Conventional smoking; Health risks; Respiratory effects; Cardiovascular effects; Neurocognitive outcomes.
AJAO Oluwadare Amos*1; OKE Olusegun Taiwo1; ADENUGA Jacob Olaitan1; ELUJOBA Samson O. 1; AJETUNMOBI Ibraheem Ayodeji 2; EGBOKHARE Joy Ekharime 3
Lipid Profile and Cardiac Enzyme activities of high fat diet-streptozotocin (HFD-STZ) induced Type 2 Diabetic Wistar rats on Antioxidant Supplementation.
Serum lipid profile and cardiac enzymes activities of high fat diet and low dose streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic Wistar rats on antioxidant supplementation was monitored in vitro. Formulation of some recommended dietary approved (RDA) proportions of antioxidant rich vitamins, minerals and bio-flavonoids for management of diabetes. A total of five (5) groups of 10 rats each were adopted for this study. The serum levels of cholesterol (CHOL), Triglyceride (TG), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), Very Low-Density Lipoprotein; and activities of Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Creatine Kinase (CK) were measured using standard laboratory methods and kits. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 and the level of significance was set at p≤0.05. Lipid profile and cardiac enzyme activity indicated no statistical change (p≥0.05) in serum lipid profile parameters after 4 weeks of treatment. However, a significant (p≤ 0.05) but gradual and consistent decrease in serum cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C, and VLDL was observed after the 8th and importantly the 12th week of treatment. Results obtained after the 4th, 8th and 12th weeks of treatment revealed a relatively consistent levels of HDL-C across all study groups with no statistically significant change (p≥ 0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant decline (p≤0.05) in serum LDH and CK activities of the normal control and treated groups compared to the diabetic non-treated control group. From the results obtained, it is evident of the possible protective and restorative efficacy of antioxidants on obesity related complications and cardiac malfunction.
Antioxidant, Cardiac enzyme, Lipid profile, Streptozotocin, Diabetes.
Nnamdi Chukwuemeka Chinaka*, Nwaenyi Aja Enyi
Role of Granulomatous Changes In Presumptive Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patient Attending Infectious Disease Hospital Kano, Nigeria
This study evaluated the role of granulomatous changes in presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis patients attending the Infectious Disease Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. Using standard laboratory and histopathological methods, patients with suspected tuberculosis were assessed for the presence and pattern of granuloma formation. The findings demonstrated a strong association between granulomatous inflammation and presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis, highlighting its diagnostic relevance. Granulomatous changes were shown to be a key pathological feature that may aid early detection and improve clinical decision-making. The study underscores the importance of incorporating granuloma assessment into routine tuberculosis diagnostic protocols.
G r a n u l o m a t o u s C h a n g e s , Presumptive Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Infectious Disease Hospital Kano, Nigeria
Garba Yahaya*, Aminu Muhammad Zakari, Mansur Aminuand Aminu Ahmad Hassan
Customer Satisfaction With Laboratory Services Among People Living With HIV/AIDS (PLWH) At The Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) Laboratory, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
The study assessed the satisfaction with laboratory services among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) attending the Virology Research Clinic at Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile - Ife . Consenting clients who accessed laboratory services at the clinic were recruited into the study. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Clients' satisfaction with laboratory services was assessed using a structured (self or interviewer-administered) questionnaire. A structured (self or interviewer-administered) questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents upon exiting the facility. Data were coded while entry and analysis were done using EPI Info 7 and EPI Info Classic software, respectively. One hundred and fifty-seven clients were recruited. The age range of the clients was between 20 and 70 years. One hundred and sixteen (73.9%) were females, 134 (85.35%) were married, 73 (46.50%) had secondary education, and 148 (94.27%) lived in an urban area. Almost all the respondents (99%) were satisfied with ART monitoring services. Patients were satisfied with privacy and confidentiality (98.7%), personnel competency on blood collection (99.4%), cleanliness of the waiting area (100%), and turnaround time of laboratory investigations (99.4%). There was a high satisfaction rate among the respondents, but some respondents expressed dissatisfaction with the turnaround time for laboratory assays that were sent to other facilities because the services were not available in the Obafemi Awolowo University ART laboratory.
Customer Satisfaction, Laboratory Services, People Living With HIV/AIDS (PLWH), Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) Laboratory, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals
Temitope Oluseyi Onayade* , Adeleye Abiodun Adeomi , Samuel Oyewole Oyedeji , Akinlawon Adetiloye Adepeju
Global Trends in Loop Mediated Isothermal Applications in Poor Resource Countries
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has been employed in various research studies range from point of care in detection and identification of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. It is a relatively simple and low-cost technique compared to traditional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. These advantages make LAMP a useful tool for pathogens detection and research, particularly in poor resource countries. The objective of this study was to assess the global trend in LAMP applications in poor resource countries. We investigated bibliometric data on LAMPApplications research published in PUBMED from October 20th, 2004, to October 20th, 2024. The selected study period was based on the areas that all research related to in the globe. The search was conducted on April 2, 2025. Utilizing advanced search features in PUBMED, we employed “MESH” terms for “Loop mediated Isothermal Amplification Applications” and “LAMP Applications” and incorporated the following keywords [Title/Abstract]: “Poor resource countries” or “Rich resource countries” or “Low-income economic countries” or “High income economic countries” and “Worldwide”. The high productive countries were found in Japan 103 (11.8%), followed by United States of America 100 (11.4%), China 69 (7.9%), Iran 61(6.9%), United Kingdom 52 (5.9%), and the least was observed in Africa. The Infectious diseases research collaboration, Kampala, Uganda emerged as the leading institution (n= 28), followed by the Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, the third affiliated hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou China (n= 12), and Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (n=8) respectively. The leading first-third authors in LAMP Applications research include Sugimoto, Chihiro (n = 10); Namangala, Boniface (n=9) and Dorsey, Grant (n=9). Although, Dorsey, Grant (from Joint University of California San Francisco, San Francisco) held the 2nd position for the most productive author based on principal author analysis (n=9) and ranked as the 1st most collaborative author (n = 42), while Sugimoto, Chihiro secured the 2nd highest total link strength (n = 41). The hotspot analysis of author keywords include: Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques explored bacterial and fungal diseases; viral related diseases; Malarial parasites; food contamination and bacterial zoonotic diseases and trematodes and helminth diseases. The prevalence rate of publications on LAMP applications is higher among rich resource countries and lower among poor resource countries. The lower prevalence rate of publication output on LAMP application research among poor resource countries can be attributed to insufficient financial resources that can hinder research initiatives, equipment purchases, and personnel hiring. Poor resource countries might have restricted access to scientific literature, databases, and collaborations.
Global Trends, Loop Mediated Isothermal Applications, Poor Resource Countries
Azi Simon Onyema1, 2., Oshim Ifeanyi Onyema1,5, Enweogu Joshua Chinedu3, Ukpabi John Chukwuma3, Rukman Awang Hamat4 and Okoroiwu, Henshaw Uchechi1,5
Assessment of Toxicity and Antiprostate Cancer Effect of Annona Muricata using Albino Wistar Rat and Molecular Docking.
Prostate cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality among men worldwide. In the search for safer and more effective alternatives to conventional chemotherapeutics, natural products have gained significant attention. This study investigated the toxicity profile and antiprostate cancer potential of Annona muricata (commonly known as soursop) using both in vivo (animal model) and in silico (molecular docking) approaches. Methanolic extracts of Annona muricata leaves were prepared and administered to albino Wistar rats at varying doses to evaluate acute and sub-chronic toxicity. Key hematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters were assessed to determine the safety profile of the extract. In the antiprostate cancer evaluation, rats were induced with prostate cancer using a suitable carcinogen, after which the therapeutic effect of A. muricata extract was assessed through prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, histological analysis of prostate tissue, and other relevant biomarkers. Furthermore, molecular docking studies were conducted to predict the interaction of major bioactive compounds in A. muricata with key molecular targets involved in prostate cancer progression, such as androgen receptors and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). The docking results provided insight into the binding affinity and potential mechanisms of action of these compounds at the molecular level. The findings revealed that Annona muricata extract exhibited no significant toxicity at therapeutic doses and demonstrated promising antiproliferative effects on prostate tissue. The molecular docking results supported the in vivo outcomes, suggesting potential anticancer activity through favorable interactions with prostate cancer-related targets. This study concludes that Annona muricata holds potential as a safe and effective natural agent for the management of prostate cancer. However, further studies involving clinical trials and advanced pharmacological assessments are recommended to validate these findings.
Toxicity, Antiprostate Cancer Effect, Annona Muricata, Albino Wistar Rat and Molecular Docking
Asamu Mayowa1, Asimiyu Saheed Olawale*2,Amigun AjibolAEmmanuel3, Adekola Samuel Adekunle 4, Akinade Abdullah Ajani5
Green Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, and Nephrocurative Potentials of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Derived from Lannea subscorpioidea (Oliv.) Extract.
This study investigated the green synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using aqueous leaf extract of Lannea subscorpioidea (Oliv.), a medicinal plant widely used in Northern Nigeria. Two precursor concentrations (0.1 M and 0.01 M Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O) were utilized to examine the influence of synthesis parameters on nanoparticle structure and biological function. Characterization through UV – Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, and XRD confirmed successful formation and concentration-dependent variation in particle features. The UV–Vis spectra of the 0.1 M sample exhibited two major absorption peaks at 272 nm (A = 9.99) and 335 nm (A = 7.50), while the 0.01 M sample showed weaker peaks at 254 nm (A = 2.50), 222 nm (A = 0.65), and 205 nm (A = 0.53), confirming nanoparticle formation and size-dependent optical behavior. FTIR analysis revealed strong absorption bands at 2478, 2560, 1838, and 1086 cm?¹ for 0.1 M, and at 3979, 3752, 2028, and 480 cm?¹ for 0.01 M, corresponding to O–H, C=O, N–H, and Zn–O stretching vibrations. These indicate the involvement of hydroxyl, amide, and carbonyl groups from phytochemicals in nanoparticle reduction and stabilization. SEM micrographs revealed rod-like nanostructures (average length 80–120 nm, diameter 25–40 nm) for the 0.1 M sample and aggregated spherical clusters (diameter 60–90 nm) for the 0.01 M sample, suggesting that precursor concentration governs nanoparticle morphology and aggregation. XRD analysis confirmed hexagonal wurtzite crystalline structure, with average crystallite sizes of 20–30 nm. Quantitative phase analysis showed ZnO phase purity of 81.5% (ZnO) with minor muscovite (18%) and chlorargyrite (1.7%) in the 0.1 M sample, and 39.5% ZnO, 56% quadratite, and 6% muscovite in the 0.01 M sample. Biological assays demonstrated potent antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and nephrocurative activities of the biosynthesized ZnO NPs. The 0.1 M ZnO NPs exhibited stronger inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (18.5 ± 0.4 mm) and Escherichia coli (17.2 ± 0.3 mm), higher antioxidant efficiency (DPPH IC50= 38.6 µg/mL), and greater organ protection, with significant restoration of ALT, AST, creatinine, and urea levels in CCl₄- and gentamicin-induced toxicity models. The 0.01 M nanoparticles showed moderate activity, attributed to larger size and lower crystallinity. Overall, the study establishes Lannea subscorpioidea as an efficient biogenic agent for synthesizing high-purity, bioactive ZnO nanoparticles. The 0.1 M precursor produced optimal nanostructures with enhanced physicochemical and biomedical properties, demonstrating potential applications in infection control, oxidative stress management, and organ protection. Further studies on toxicity, molecular mechanisms, and nanoformulation optimization are recommended to support clinical and industrial applications.
Lannea subscorpioidea, zinc oxide nanoparticles, green synthesis, UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM, XRD, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, nephrocurative.
Ahmad, S.M.*1, Abubakar, A.L.1, Safiyya M. Shehu 2,
Isolation and Identification of Fungi Associated with Spoilage of Post-Harvest Tomato Fruits (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a widely cultivated and nutritionally important fruit crop that is prone to rapid deterioration after harvesting due to fungal invasion. This study investigated the fungi associated with post-harvest spoilage of tomatoes sold in selected markets. Spoiled tomato samples were collected aseptically and analyzed using standard microbiological techniques. Fungal isolates were identified based on cultural and microscopic characteristics. The predominant fungi identified were Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium spp. and Fusarium spp. The frequency of occurrence revealed A. niger as the most dominant species across all samples. The presence of these fungi, which are capable of producing toxins and enzymes that degrade cell walls, suggests poor handling and storage conditions as key contributors to spoilage. Improved sanitation, adequate packaging, and controlled storage environments are therefore recommended to minimize fungal contamination and post-harvest losses.
Tomato spoilage, fungi, Aspergillus niger, post-harvest losses, mycotoxins
Terna Peter Selumun1*, Musa Sale Makeri1, Terhide Samuel Tyohemba1, Zainab Abubakar Gambo2, Mery Asugu Mbahi1, Musa Muhammad Babandina3 and Margaret Musa Atsen Danladi4
Impact of Cement Dust Exposure on Haematological, Immune, and Oxidative Status of Block Molders in Benin City, Nigeria: A Comparative Assessment
Chronic exposure to cement dust is an occupational hazard associated with systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and haematological dysfunction. Cement dust contains silica and heavy metals, which can trigger immune activation, oxidative damage, and alterations in trace element homeostasis, particularly among workers in developing countries. This study assessed the impact of chronic cement dust exposure on haematological indices, inflammatory response, oxidative balance, and trace element status among industrial and non-industrial block molders in Benin City, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 205 participants: 80 industrial block molders, 80 non-industrial block molders, and 45 unexposed controls. Blood parameters measured included red blood cell count (RBC), haemoglobin, white blood cell count (WBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), interleukin-10 (IL-10), total antioxidant status (TAS), calcium, and zinc levels, using automated analyzers and immunoassays. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, with significance set at p<0.05. Compared to controls, exposed workers exhibited significant reductions in RBC count and haemoglobin levels, indicating anaemia (p=0.001). Inflammatory markers ESR and IL-10 were significantly elevated in both exposed groups (p=0.001), suggesting persistent systemic inflammation. Total antioxidant status was reduced (p=0.001), reflecting oxidative stress. Trace element analysis showed zinc depletion and calcium elevation (p=0.001). The industrial block molders demonstrated more pronounced hematological and biochemical alterations than non-industrial molders. Chronic cement dust exposure impairs haematological function through mechanisms involving inflammation and oxidative stress and disrupts trace element balance. These findings highlight the need for occupational health interventions, including dust control, consistent use of personal protective equipment, and routine health monitoring of exposed workers.
Cement dust, inflammation, oxidative stress, anemia, IL-10, trace elements, occupational health
Aghatise Kevin Erhamwonyi*, Aiyanyor David Osayomwanbo, Oghenefejiro Ohwahwa, Osaiyuwu Osarenren Clement, Ezekiel Dauda Gambo.
Phenotypic Profiling and Prevalence of MDR Acinetobacter baumanii in Comparison with Molecular Characterization in University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
Acinetobacter baumannii is a major opportunistic pathogen responsible for hospital-acquired infections, often associated with multidrug resistance (MDR). Timely and accurate detection of MDR strains is critical for infection control and antimicrobial stewardship. This study aimed to determine the phenotypic prevalence and molecular characteristics of A. baumannii isolates in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. A total of 36 clinical isolates presumptively identified as A. baumannii were obtained from various wards and specimen types at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital. Phenotypic and biochemical testing was done for identification. MDR status was defined as resistance to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories. All 36 isolates underwent molecular confirmation through PCR targeting the 23S rRNA gene. Further screening for resistance genes (e.g., blaOXA, KPC, IMP) was performed on selected MDR isolates. Out of the 36 isolates, 34 (94.4%) were phenotypically confirmed as multidrug-resistant. The highest resistance was observed against gentamicin, ceftazidime, and imipenem. PCR confirmed all 36 isolates as A. baumannii with successful amplification of the 23S rRNA gene (~580 bp). Molecular screening revealed the presence of key resistance genes in several MDR isolates, confirming the genetic basis of their resistance. There is a high prevalence of MDR A. baumannii in the study setting, with strong concordance between phenotypic and molecular findings. Routine molecular diagnostics alongside phenotypic methods is recommended for early detection and containment. The study underscores the urgent need for enhanced infection control and antimicrobial resistance surveillance programs.
Acinetobacter baumannii, multidrug resistance, PCR, antimicrobial susceptibility, Nigeria, molecular characterization.
Mohammed, T.O. 1, Omosigho, P.O. 2, Baba, R.T. 2, Mohammed-Nasir Ramat, O. 2, Isah, S.B. 2
Risks Associated with Urinary Tract Infections Among Under Five Aged Children in Lagos State
The most common bacterial infection in childhood is urinary tract infection which usually triggers fever. There are varieties of infectious agents that triggers fever including bacterial pathogens. We aimed to identify the risks associated with urinary tract infections among febrile children attending Primary Health Care facilities in Lagos. A total of 660 venous Blood and mid-stream urine samples were collected from study participants with acute fever ≥ 37.5oC from May to November, 2024 and analyzed at the Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos. The participants were recruited from Primary Health Centres in the 3 senatorial districts of Lagos covering Alimosho, Surulere and Ikorodu LGA. Bacterial isolates were identified using Microbacttmgnb 24E test kit. Sociodemographic data of participants were also assessed. We tested 660 venous blood and the mid-stream urine samples of participants from Alimosho, Surulere, and Ikorodu LGA in Lagos. Equal numbers of participants of 220 in each site were enrolled with consent of their caregivers. A total of 63 Gram negative bacteria were isolated from the participants. Species of bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli (22), Klebsiella spp (20), Acinetobacter spp (8), Citrobacter spp (8), Enterobacter spp (3), Stenotrophoma sp (1), and Averyella sp (1). The commonest pathogen found in all sites was Escherichia coli (35%:22 of 63). Co-infections of bacteremia and UTIs was 65% (41 of 63) with participants from Ikorodu having the highest number (56% :23 of 41). Low haemoglobin level (< 10g/dl) was found in 51 % of participants with coinfections of bacteremia and UTIs. Diagnosing children with febrile illness of bacterial etiology unveiled risks of UTIs among under-5aged children
Bacteremia, Co-infections, Haemoglobin, Febrile illness, Urinary tract infection
Bernice Enobong Udoh*1, Toyosi Raheem1,2, Bamidele Iwalokun2.
Plasmodium and Host Immune Responses: Evasion Strategies
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium species, with a complex pathophysiology, influenced by both the host's immune defences and the parasite's species-specific evasion strategies. This complexity has posed a significant challenge to vaccine development, malaria control and elimination. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to highlight the host immune responses, the parasite's escape mechanisms, and how these two factors interact in the control of Plasmodium infection.
Plasmodium, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, evasion mechanisms
Kalgo, M.U.*1, Hamid, K.M.1, Alhassan, H.M. 1, Usman, A.B. 1, Hamisu Abdullahi 1, Abdullahi Isiyaku1, Okoliko Gabriel 1, Usman Sulaiman 1, Assada, A.M. 1, Muazu, M.B1 Raji, H.Y. 1, Nurudeen, M.U.1, Bala, Y.G. 2, Aminu Yusuf 3, Audu Oduma 4, Miftahu Bello
Unmasking Renal Function Similarities in Gammopathies: Comparative Evaluation of Glomerular, Tubular, and AKI Parameters.
Renal impairment is a well-recognized complication of plasma cell dyscrasias such as multiple myeloma; however, its onset and extent in earlier gammopathy states remain uncertain. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) represents a premalignant c o n d i t i o n , w h e r e a s p o l y c l o n a l hypergammaglobulinaemia (PHGG) reflects a reactive immune process. This study investigated renal functional differences between MGUS and PHGG using glomerular, tubular, and early acute kidney injury (AKI) biomarkers. Patients were categorized by serum protein electrophoresis and free light chain (FLC) assays. Renal evaluation comprised estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), serum creatinine (sCr), urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL), NGAL-to-creatinine ratio, tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TRP), maximum phosphate reabsorption per GFR (TmP/GFR), and fractional sodium excretion (FeNa). Statistical analyses compared renal indices, assessed correlations, and identified predictors of renal function. MGUS patients were generally older and predominantly male, while PHGG was more common among individuals with chronic infections. No significant differences were observed between the two groups across glomerular, tubular, or AKI markers (p > 0.005) in all. Although ê-FLC showed weak associations with subtle renal stress indicators, multivariate regression revealed that male gender—not gammopathy type—was the strongest predictor of reduced eGFR. MGUS and PHGG exhibited comparable renal functional profiles, with no evidence of distinct glomerular, tubular, or AKI biomarker signatures differentiating the groups. These findings suggest that renal impairment in MGUS does not occur at the early stage of disease but may emerge with progression or additional renal insults.
MGUS, PHGG, tubular function, NGAL, ê-FLC
Ibrahim Eleha Suleiman1, 3*, Olubunmi Gloria Ayelagbe1, Kolawole Abayomi Ogunwale3, Adebayo Lawrence Adedeji2
Serum Levels of Total Antioxidant Capacity and Total Plasma Peroxide in Farm Workers Exposed to Pesticides in Southwestern Nigeria
The effect of pesticides on the levels of different serum antioxidants and oxidants have been reported in farm workers exposed to pesticides. However, there is limited research on the effect of pesticide exposure on the serum levels of Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and Total Plasma Peroxide (TPP) in pesticide-exposed farm workers in South-western Nigeria. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the impact of chronic pesticide exposure on the oxidative stress indices which are the Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and Total Plasma Peroxide (TPP) with a view to adding to the growth of the body of knowledge. A total of 70 adults consisting of 40 farm workers with prolonged pesticide exposure and 30 apparently healthy non-farm workers were enrolled in this study. Serum levels of Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and Total Plasma Peroxide were determined using Spectrophotometry. Data were analyzed using the Student's t test and Pearson Coefficient correlation, with a p-value < 0.05 considered statistically significant. The serum level of serum TPP was significantly higher in f a r m w o r k e r s [ 9 2 . 3 5 ± 3 6 . 6 7 µ M v s 61.09±42.87µM] compared with the controls and the serum level of TAC was slightly raised in farm workers compared with the controls. An insignificant positive correlation was also observed between serum level of TAC and TPP in the farm workers [1028±590µM]. There was a significant positive correlation observed between duration of pesticide exposure and the level of TAC and insignificant positive correlation between duration of exposure and TPP. It could be concluded from this study that farm workers exposed to pesticides have altered serum levels of TAC and TPP and are prone to inducing oxidative stress.
Pesticides, Total Plasma Peroxide, Total Antioxidant Capacity
Eliezer Oluwatimileyin Adeleke 1, Surajudeen Adebayo Yaqub 2, Olayinka Joshua Olufemi 2 Emmanuel Marvelous Oyelaran 1
Modulatory Role of Quercetin on Brain Serotonin and Malondialdehyde Concentration in an Open-Space Forced Swim-Induced Depression Mouse Model.
Depression is a prevalent psychiatric disorder with multifactorial pathogenesis. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of quercetin on brain serotonin and malondialdehyde concentration in an open-space forced swim-induced depression mouse (OSFST) model. Twenty-five (25) adult male mice served as subjects, divided into five groups. Group I served as the control and was treated orally with 0.9% saline during the treatment phase. The depression-like phenotypes were induced in groups II-V by allowing the mice to swim in lukewarm water in a mouse tub cage for 15 min/day for four days before and during treatment days 1, 4, 7, 10 & 14. Group II was treated with 0.9% saline. Group III was treated with 20 mg/kg paroxetine. Group IV was treated with 40 mg/kg quercetin. Group V was treated with 80 mg/kg quercetin. All treatments were administered orally daily for 14 days. Twenty-four hours later, the mice were sacrificed, their brains were removed, and the brains were homogenized for assessment of serotonin and malondialdehyde. The serotonin concentration was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in mice that received 80 mg/kg quercetin when compared to those untreated after exposure to the OSFST model. The MDA level was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in mice treated with 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg quercetin respectively, compared to untreated mice exposed to the OSFST model. It was concluded that quercetin promotes serotonergic effects and also acts by decreasing lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and may serve as a potential agent for alleviating open-spaced force swim-induced depression in mice.
Quercetin, serotonin, depression, Malondialdehyde Concentration, OSFST Model.
Okey, S.M*, Ezewandi, A.O. and Zeebedee, C.J.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sokoto Journal of Medical Laboratory Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Evaluation of Inflammatory and Haematological Parameters in Erythropoietin- treated vs. Erythropoietin? naïve CKD Patients: Insight into Disease Pathophysiology
Anaemia and persistent inflammation are key complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD), contributing to adverse clinical outcomes. While erythropoietin (EPO) therapy is central to anaemia management, its impact on inflammatory pathways in sub-Saharan African populations is underexplored. This study assessed the hematologic and anti-inflammatory effects of EPO in Nigerian CKD patients and identified predictors of poor outcomes. Eighty-nine CKD patients were stratified into EPO-treated (EPO?; n = 53) and EPO-naïve (EPO?; n = 36) groups. Haematologic indices were measured using an automated analyzer, and inflammatory markers [C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-á)] quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analyses (SPSS v26) included i n d e p e n d e n t - s a m p l e t - t e s t s , P e a r s o n correlations, and multiple regression analysis, with significance at p < 0.05 were adopted. EPO? patients had significantly higher haemoglobin and haematocrit (both p = 0.001) and lower CRP, IL-6, and TNF-á levels (p < 0.001). Severe anaemia occurred only in the EPO? group. IL-6 was the strongest predictor of adverse outcomes (â = 0.694, p < 0.001). IL-6 correlated inversely with RBC count (r = –0.445, p < 0.01) and positively with other inflammatory markers. Hemoglobin correlated positively with RBC (r = 0.513, p < 0.001) and inversely with WBC count (r = 0.443, p < 0.01). EPO therapy improves anemia and reduces systemic inflammation in CKD, with IL-6 emerging as a critical prognostic biomarker. These findings, from a sub-Saharan African cohort, support integrated management strategies combining EPO therapy with inflammation monitoring to optimize outcomes.
Oyeleke Kikelomo Olayemi 1, Adedeji Rashidat Adenike*1, Jimoh Abiodun Abdulahi 1, Ibrahim Eleha Suleiman 2
Evaluation of Male Reproductive Hormone Profiles Among Diabetes Patients, With a Focus on Testosterone and Luteinizing Hormone
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common metabolic disorder associated with multiple complications, including sexual dysfunction. Hypogonadism, characterized by low serum testosterone, is increasingly recognized among diabetic men but remains under-investigated in Nigeria. This is a cross-sectional study conducted among 70 diabetic men and 70 age-matched apparently healthy controls attending Specialist Hospital Sokoto, Nigeria. Venous blood samples were collected for fasting glucose, testosterone, and luteinizing hormone (LH) assays using ELISA. Anthropometric measurements were obtained. Hypogonadism was defined as serum testosterone < 4.0 ng/ml. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 with p < 0.05 considered significant. The prevalence of biochemical hypogonadism was significantly higher in diabetic men (56.9%). Diabetic participants had lower mean testosterone levels (3.46 ± 0.37 ng/ml vs. 6.71 ± 0.27 ng/ml, p < 0.001) and higher LH concentrations (9.52 ± 1.34 mIU/ml vs. 6.73 ± 0.34 mIU/ml, p = 0.05). No significant differences were found between type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. Testosterone correlated negatively with age, BMI, and duration of diabetes, though not significantly, while LH showed a significant positive correlation with BMI (p = 0.029). More than half of diabetic men in this study had biochemical hypogonadism, predominantly of the primary type, as evidenced by low testosterone and elevated LH. Routine hormonal evaluation should be incorporated into diabetes management to improve reproductive and metabolic health outcomes.
Diabetes mellitus, Hypogonadism, Testosterone, Luteinizing hormone.
Muhammad Salihu Baba*1; Bunza Umar Faruq 2; Ogunkoya Oluseun Funke 2; Muhammed Isiaka1; Ibrahim Umar Alhaji 1, Sa'idu Hadiya Muhammad 2
Characterization of Rhizobacteria isolated from root region of Musa paradisiaca for Phytohormone Production
The roles played by bacteria, especially those that are capable of producing plant growth promoting factors to enhance plant growth and yield cannot be over emphasized. The investigation to identify an indigenous rhizobacteria with good plant growth promoting factors was underutilized due to the fact that the use of chemical fertilizer invariably affect ecosystem. In the present study, investigation was carried out to establish wild type and mutant rhizobacteria that have the ability to produce plant growth promoting factors. Soil collected from the root region of plantain was subjected to soil profile analysis, and subsequent culture. Isolated rhizobacteria were characterized morphologically, biochemically and mutant was produced using Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS). Phytohormones present in wild type and mutant strains are also established using different methods. The soil analysis reveals sand particles (63%), weak acidic pH, magnesium (8.40), potassium (0.59), calcium (0.23), sodium (0.03) and iron (10.3) content. Thirty-six (36) rhizobacteria was isolated with Gram negative bacilli having highest percentage 14(39.1%) Gram positive cocci 8(22.2%), Gram positive bacilli 10(27.1%) and the least was aerobic spore bearer 4(11.0%). Morphologically, culture media reveal mucoid bacteria of 27(75%), not mucoid 9(25%), raised 23(63.9%), flat 13(36 . 1%), rough 11(30 . 6%), shining 25(69.4%), motile 8(22.2%) and non-motile 28(77.8%). EMS mutant strains were shining and reduced in size. At 120 minutes, the concentration of EMS at 150 ìg/mL had bactericidal effect and bacteriostatic at 30, 60 and 90 minutes. Biochemically, mutant strain P. aeruginosa rhizobacteria produces more Exopolysaccharide and Gibberellin qualitatively and quantitatively respectively (p=0.0005 and p=0.0313) and significantly (p<0.05). None of the wild type and mutants strain of P. aeruginosa is able to solubilize phosphate on Pikovskaya agar medium. In conclusion, the result has shown that soil remain a habitat for most bacteria especially rhizobacteria species that capable to produce plant growth promoting factors and these can probably enhance the growth and yield of plants while EMS improves production of exopolysaccharides and Gibberellins
Exopolysaccharide Gibberellin. Rhizobacteria, Microorganisms and mutants strain
Fabiyi, W.A.* 1, Oloke, J. K. 1, Omomowo, I.O. 1, Adegoke C.O. 2, Omomowo, O. I.3
Antimicrobial Activities of Bitter Kola and Molecular Analysis of Organisms causing Bronchitis isolated from Sputum among Patients attending Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital Ogbomoso
Antimicrobial agents have played a significant role in decreasing the rate of infectious diseases globally. Microbial resistant strains poses a significant health threat, necessitating the search for alternative therapy. Traditionally, antibiotics are becoming less effective resulting in these natural sources of antimicrobial compound being explored, The main objective of this study was to access the antimicrobial activities of Garcinia kola seed extract against a diverse of clinical isolates. By evaluating the efficacy of Garcinia kola seed extract, this research aim to contribute to the development of natural alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Methods include extracting Garcinia kola seed compound, testing the extract on various pathogens and comparing results to standard antibiotics. Findings show promising antimicrobial antibiotics, suggesting Garcinia kola seed extract as a potential natural remedy for antibiotic resistant bacteria. The study begins by extracting bioactive compounds from Garcinia seeds using standard methods. These compounds are then subjected to testing against a diverse range of clinical isolate, including bacteria and fungi commonly found in infection. Methanolic extraction of the phytochemical, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) against selected clinical pathogen were determined. The MIC and MBC was found to have 0.125 to 100.5mg/ml minimum inhibitory ranges from 0.5 to 100mg/ml pathogen. The MIC of the methanolic leaf extract of the ethnomedicinal, the antimicrobial efficacy of Garcinia kola seed extract was evaluated using two main methods (agar diffusion and broth microdilution). Analysis of data was carried out using Anova with a p-value of <0.05 considered significant. All the leaf extract inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Esherichial coli to a varying degree. In conclusion, this study contributes valuable insights into the antimicrobial properties of Garcinia kola seed extracts against clinical isolates. The result suggest that Garcinia kola seed may potentially be used as a natural antimicrobial agent offering a potential solution to the challenge of antimicrobial resistance.
Garcinia kola, antimicrobials, phytochemical, methanolic extract and micro dilution
Raheem, L.O.2, Adegoke, C.O.1*, Fabiyi, W. A.1, Oyeleke, K.O.1, Azeez, M.M.3, Folorunso, O.A.4, Akinlabi, A.M.5 and Alade, W.A.6
The Impact of Thyroid Dysfunction on Metabolism of Some Trace Elements in Subjects With Diabetes Mellitus in Edo South Senatorial District of Nigeria
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by impaired glucose metabolism and a resultant effect of persistent hyperglycaemia. Type 2 diabetes also known as adult-onset diabetes is majorly caused by insulin resistance. The objective of this study is to determine the effects of thyroid abnormality on anti-oxidative cofactors in subjects with diabetes mellitus in Edo South Senatorial district of Edo State. A total of 150 participants (100 subjects with diabetes mellitus and 50 apparently healthy individuals used as control) were recruited into this study. Thyroid function markers, Triiodothyronine and Thyroid stimulating hormone were analysed using chemiluminescence technique. While the trace elements; magnesium, zinc, selenium and copper were analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The data were analysed using statistical software for social science version 23 (IBM, Chicago IL, USA). For The thyroid hormones, there was a significant decrease in Triiodothyronine in diabetics as compared to the control group, with a non-significant increase in TSH. For the trace elements, only magnesium showed a significant decrease in the subject group when compared to the control group (p=0.007), with zinc, copper and selenium depicting no statistical significance. The relationship between thyroid hormones and trace elements showed no statistical significance. The correlation between thyroid hormones levels and selenium likewise showed no significant relationship statistically. This study revealed that accompanied by diabetes mellitus is the induction of hypothyroidism, characterized by significant decrease in Triiodothyronine and a non-significant increase in Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. Also discovered, was the significant decrease in the levels of magnesium in diabetics as compared to their non-diabetic counterparts. Addressing these thyroid hormone derangements and hypomagnesemia in diabetes mellitus could help endocrinologists and other concerned healthcare providers in providing well-informed clinical intervention for sufferers.
Diabetes Mellitus, Copper, M a g n e s i u m , Z i n c , S e l e n i u m , Triiodothyronine(T3), Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH).
Christian Onosetale Ugege*1, Mathew Folaranmi Olaniyan1., Caleb Aigbokhan Akhere3, Edward Eghonghon Imadojemu1, Ekomobong Effiong Idem4, David Olufemi Adebo1, Odekunle Bola Odegbemi1, Teddy Ilenagbe2
Advanced Molecular Diagnosis of Primary Myelofibrosis: A Review
Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a Philadelphia chromosome negative myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by bone marrow fibrosis, splenomegaly, anaemia, constitutional symptoms, and extramedullary haematopoiesis. As a clonal haematopoietic stem cell disorder, it is often accompanied by a disease-initiating driver mutation and shortened survival. Diagnosis is often based on bone marrow findings. Diagnosis is supported by the presence of janus kinase 2 (JAK2), calreticulin (CALR), or thrombopoietin receptor protein (MPL) mutation, found in approximately 90% of patients, is supportive but not essential for diagnosis; these mutations are also prevalent in the closely related MPNs, namely polycythemia Vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia (ET). Diagnosis of PMF is based upon the 2016 WHO criteria and includes a combination of clinical and laboratory findings. Patients with pre PMF often present with thrombocytosis (increased platelet count) and a lack of bone marrow fibrosis, thus they were often misdiagnosed as having ET. In ET patients, the differentiating bone marrow findings include granulocytic and erythropoietic cells that are in regular ratio with normal megakaryocytes. In Pre-PMF. Anaemia may be present, however tear-drop red blood cells (RBCs) are rare. The 2016 World Health Organization classification system distinguishes “prefibrotic” from “overtly fibrotic” PMF; the former might mimic ET in its presentation. Furthermore, approximately 15% of patients with ET or PV might progress into a PMF-like phenotype (post-ET/PV MF) during their clinical course.
Myeloproliferative disorder, Philadelphia chromosome, Myelofibrosis, Neoplasm
Olalere Fatai Dayo 1,4, Ufelle Silas Anayo 2, Olatunbosun Luqman Olayinka 3,5