A Review of Cancer Predisposing Parasites and the Mechanisms by Which Schistosoma Haematobium and Toxoplasma Gondii Induce Cancer

Abstract

Cancers brought on by persistent infections with particular parasitic organisms are referred to as parasite-induced cancer. Despite being very uncommon, these malignancies have been reported in both humans and animals, mostly as a result of immunological regulation, cellular damage, and chronic inflammation brought on by parasite infections. Because there is substantial evidence linking certain parasites to human cancer, the World Health Organization has classified them as Group 1 carcinogens. These consist of Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, Toxoplasma gondii and Schistosoma species. This narrative review presents the mechanism of carcinogenesis by S. haematobium and T. gondii. The following are some mechanisms by which parasites cause cancer: (a) Chronic Inflammation: Long-term inflammation brought on by parasite infections frequently fosters a microenvironment that is favorable to carcinogenesis by encouraging DNA damage, cellular proliferation, and the suppression of apoptosis (programmed cell death). (b) Immune Evasion: By compromising host immunity, parasites lessen the body's capacity to identify and get rid of abnormal cells and (c) Direct Damage: Certain parasites cause genetic changes or create environments that encourage the establishment of cancer by directly damaging host tissues. Stronger research on carcinogenesis mechanisms, better sanitation and hygiene, community health education, vector control, veterinary public health measures, screening, and early detection are some of the steps that must be performed to control these parasites.