Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) through Blood Transfusion

Abstract

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a DNA virus in the family Hepadnaviridae that selectively infects h u m a n h e p a t o c y t e s . I t s s t r u c t u r a l components—an outer envelope and an inner core—facilitate evasion of host immune responses and support its persistence. HBV infection presents as either acute or chronic, with chronic infection leading to severe liver diseases, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Transmission occurs primarily through contact with infected blood, fluids, or vertical transmission during childbirth. Globally, HBV affects approximately 300 million people, with a significant burden in resource-constrained regions where inadequate blood screening and vaccination coverage exacerbate the issue. HBV remains a challenge to public health due to its high genetic variability and the persistence of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), which complicates treatment. Although vaccination has proven highly effective in preventing HBV infection, challenges remain in achieving universal coverage. Blood transfusion-transmitted HBV is a significant concern in countries with limited resources, where advanced diagnostic technologies, such as nucleic acid testing (NAT), are often inaccessible. Prevention and control strategies are vital to reducing HBV prevalence. These include enhanced blood screening protocols, universal HBV vaccination, public education, and safe medical practices. Supportive care is available for acute HBV infection, while chronic cases are managed with antiviral therapies, though their accessibility remains l i m i t e d i n l o w - i n c o m e s e t t i n g s . Recommendations focus on improving diagnostic technologies, expanding vaccination programs, addressing stigma, and ensuring equitable access to treatment. Additionally, hygiene practices and policies to promote safe healthcare settings are essential in reducing HBV transmission. Despite advancements in preventive and therapeutic measures, HBV continues to pose significant challenges globally, particularly in underserved regions, necessitating continued investment in research, policy implementation, and public health interventions.